SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Geshur</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geshur</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Israeli settlement, see <a href="Geshur%2C_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshur, Golan Heights">Geshur, Golan Heights</a>. For the village in Iran, see <a href="Geshur%2C_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshur, Iran">Geshur, Iran</a>.</div>

<p><b>Geshur</b> (<a href="Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">גְּשׁוּר</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Gəšūr</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a territory in the ancient <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> mentioned in the early books of the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and possibly in several other ancient sources, located in the region of the modern-day <a href="Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NegevGibson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NegevGibson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars suggest it was established as an independent city-state during the early <a href="Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> from the middle of the tenth century BCE, maintaining its autonomy for about a century until it was annexed in the third quarter of the eighth century by <a href="Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>, the king of <a href="Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div>

<p>Geshur is identified with the area stretching along the eastern shore of the <a href="Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> and reaching south to the <a href="Yarmuk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmuk River">Yarmuk River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NegevGibson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NegevGibson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is now called the <a href="Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location places it on one of the routes connecting the region of <a href="Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a> with the <a href="Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> coast. Tel Dover, located southeast of the Sea of Galilee on the Jarmuk (Yarmuk) River, may have been the kingdom's southern border. Surveys conducted within the Golan Heights have not discovered many settlements within the territory of Geshur.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3></div>

<p>The name "Geshur" is found primarily in biblical sources and has been taken to mean "stronghold or fortress".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible describes it as being near Bashan, adjoining the province of <a href="Argob" class="mw-redirect" title="Argob">Argob</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%203:14">Deuteronomy 3:14</a>) and the kingdom of <a href="Aram_(biblical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram (biblical region)">Aram</a> or <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2015:8">2 Samuel 15:8</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%202:23">1 Chronicles 2:23</a>). According to the Bible, it was allotted to the half-<a href="Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">tribe of Manasseh</a> which settled east of the <a href="Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, but its inhabitants, the Geshurites, could not be expelled (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Joshua%2013:13">Joshua 13:13</a>).

</p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Samuel+27:8&version=nkjv">1 Samuel 27:8</a> reports that <a href="David" title="David">David</a> undertook raids against the Geshurites while stationed in <a href="Ziklag" title="Ziklag">Ziklag</a> in the kingdom of <a href="Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a>. In the time of David's rule over Israel, Geshur was an independent Aramean <a href="Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a>, and David married <a href="Maachah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maachah">Maachah</a>, a daughter of <a href="Talmai" title="Talmai">Talmai</a>, king of Geshur (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%203:3">2 Samuel 3:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%203:2">1 Chronicles 3:2</a>). Her son <a href="Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a> fled to his mother's native country after the murder of his half-brother and David's eldest son, <a href="Amnon" title="Amnon">Amnon</a>. Absalom stayed there for three years before being rehabilitated by David (ib. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2013:37">13:37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2015:8">15:8</a>). By the 9th century BCE the kingdom of Geshur had disappeared from history.<sup id="cite_ref-NegevGibson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NegevGibson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amarna_letters">Amarna letters</h3></div>

<p>Two of the Late <a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> (<a href="Amarna_letter_EA_256" title="Amarna letter EA 256">EA 256</a> and <a href="Amarna_letter_EA_364" title="Amarna letter EA 364">EA 364</a>) identify 'the land of Garu', as a disputed territory in the Golan between the city states of <a href="Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> and <a href="Ashteroth_Karnaim" title="Ashteroth Karnaim">Ashtaroth</a>. Some scholars believe that this 'Garu' is identical with the biblical Geshur,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is contested by others who contend that it is based on a "hypothetical and disputed assumption".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue_of_Shalamaneser_III">Statue of Shalamaneser III</h3></div>

<p>Some scholars believe the inscription on the broken statue of <a href="Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> that describes cities captured by him may include the phrase "the Geshurite seized my feet. I received his tribute", although this is by no means certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_at_et-Tell">Capital at et-Tell</h3></div>

<p>Archaeologists tend to agree that the capital of the kingdom was situated at <a href="Bethsaida#Bethsaida_Julias" title="Bethsaida">et-Tell</a>, a place also inhabited on a lesser scale during the first centuries BCE and CE and sometimes identified with the town of <a href="Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a> of <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> fame.<sup id="cite_ref-Tell2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tell2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most imposing archaeological finds, mainly the Stratum V city gate, date to the 8th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Tell2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tell2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, archaeologists have also found the northwestern chamber wall of the Geshurite city gate of Stratum VI, dating to the 11th-10th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The et-Tell site would have been easily the largest and strongest city to the east of the Jordan Valley during Iron II era.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tell_Hadar">Tell Hadar</h3></div>

<p><a href="Tell_Hadar" title="Tell Hadar">Tell Hadar</a> is a small site located on the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee which archaeological surveys have revealed as containing architectural features distinct from those of ancient Israel. Some archaeologists have suggested the site may have been under the control of Geshur.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tel_Dover">Tel Dover</h3></div>

<p>This small Iron I-IIa settlement located southeast of Galilee near the Yarmuk River may have marked the southern border of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haspin">Haspin</h3></div>

<p>In 2020, a dig supervised by the <a href="Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> uncovered a massive fortress dating to Iron Age I in the vicinity of <a href="Haspin" title="Haspin">Haspin</a>. Artefacts from the site, believed to depict some sort of <a href="Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">lunar deity</a>, were found to greatly resemble similar objects found during excavation at et-Tell, which lead the head archeologists to conclude that the two sites were connected in some way. Others remain skeptical, as a concrete connection between the two sites has not been exhibited by any other evidence found during the excavation, at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_overview">Regional overview</h3></div>

<p>According to Sugimoto (2015), the Iron Age IB (mid-eleventh century BC) cities in this northeastern region of the Sea of Galilee likely reflect the activities of the Kingdom of Geshur.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Also, the later Iron Age IIA (tenth to mid-ninth centuries BC), and Iron Age IIB cities here are linked with the southern expansion of <a href="Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram Damascus</a>. Sugimoto presented the results of the archaeological excavations at five key sites in this region: Tel Dover, <a href="Ein_Gev" title="Ein Gev">Tel ‘En Gev</a>, Tel Hadar, Tel Bethsaida, and <a href="Tel_Kinrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Kinrot">Tel Kinrot</a>. According to him, “The material culture of these cities, particularly the architecture, is ... more similar to that of the Aramaean and Neo-Hittite cities in northern Syria than to Canaanite cities in the southern Levant during both periods.”<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div>

<p>Excavations of <a href="Bethsaida#Et-Tell" title="Bethsaida">et-Tell</a> have revealed evidence of the Geshurite religious practices including high places, decorated stelae, offering vessels, sacrificial animals and dedicatory inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Arav3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arav3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This material culture reveals strong influences from neighbouring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Arav3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arav3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their religious worship appears to have centered around worship of the <a href="Moon-god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon-god">moon-god</a> in the form of a bull which was common in southern Syria, whilst an Egyptian influence can be seen in their art and amulets.<sup id="cite_ref-Arav3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arav3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bull stele from the city gate has alternatively been interpreted as either a symbol of the chief god <a href="Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, in charge of rainfall; the moon god, who brought about the swelling of the rivers; or a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of the Israelite religion to the south may be seen in dietary practices and the selection of sacrificial animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Arav3_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arav3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Geshurites" title="Geshurites">Geshurites</a></li>

<li><a href="Talmai" title="Talmai">Talmai</a></li>

<li><a href="Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/biblia-hebraica-stuttgartensia-bhs/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/stelle/10/30001/39999/ch/49034c5559c50ad30ea1dc527eebfe69/">"2 Samuel 3:3"</a>. <i>www.academic-bible.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NegevGibson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NegevGibson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NegevGibson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NegevGibson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAvraham_Negev_and_Shimon_Gibson2001" class="citation book cs1">Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). "Geshur". <i>Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land</i>. New York and London: Continuum. p. 196. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8264-1316-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArav2018" class="citation book cs1">Arav, Rami (2018). "Bethsaida: The Capital City of the Kingdom of Geshur". In Farber, Zev; Wright, Jacob L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/9780884143482_OA.pdf"><i>Archaeology and History of Eighth-century Judah</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SBL Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>98. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62837-233-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArav2021" class="citation book cs1">Arav, Rami (2021). "The Aramean Kingdom of Geshur". In Hawkins, Ralph K.; Gass, Erasmus; Ben-Yosef, Dror (eds.). <i>His Inheritance: A Memorial Volume for Adam Zertal</i>. Ugarit-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">383–</span>411. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-86835-336-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Ernest_Wright_and_Floyd_Vivian_Filson1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="George_Ernest_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ernest Wright">George Ernest Wright</a> and Floyd Vivian Filson (1946). <i>The Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible</i>. The Westminster Press. p. 51.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_Kochavi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Moshe Kochavi; et al. (Jul 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/18/4/2">"Rediscovered! The Land of Geshur"</a>. <i><a href="Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYounger2016" class="citation book cs1">Younger, K. Lawson (2016). <i>A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities</i>. SBL Press. p. 204. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781628370843</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazar1961" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, B. (1961). "Geshur and Maacah". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>28. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3264563">10.2307/3264563</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264563">3264563</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNa'aman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Na'aman, Nadav (2012). "The Kingdom of Geshur in History and Memory". <i><a href="Scandinavian_Journal_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament">Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 92. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09018328.2012.704198">10.1080/09018328.2012.704198</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73603495">73603495</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tell2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tell2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tell2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Bohstrom2016" class="citation news cs1">Philippe Bohstrom (20 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.732284">"Mighty Fortifications Found by Archaeologists Show Kingdom of Geshur More Powerful Than Thought"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaverkostArav2024" class="citation journal cs1">Haverkost, Ann; Arav, Rami (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/127191054">"Bethsaida's Stratum VI City Gate, High Place, and Iconic Stele"</a>. <i>Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies</i>. <b>35</b>: 73*–80*. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0071-108X">0071-108X</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKochavi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kochavi, Moshe (Jul–Aug 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/rediscovered-_the_land_of_geshur-_moshe_kochavi-_timothy_renner-_ira_spar_and_esther_yadin-_bar_18-04-_jul-aug_1992/">"Rediscovered! The Land of Geshur"</a>. <i>BAR</i>: <span class="nowrap">84–</span>85 – via Center for Online Judaic Studies.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRapuano2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rapuano, Yehudah (2001). "Tel Dover". <i>Hadashot Arkheologyot: Excavations and Surveys</i>. <b>113</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-massive-3-000-year-old-fort-of-biblical-geshur-found-in-israeli-golan-1.9303547">Massive 3,000-year-old Fortified Complex Found in Israeli Golan Heights</a>, Haaretz</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSugimoto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sugimoto, David T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/50/0/50_91/_article">"History and Nature of Iron Age Cities in the Northeastern Sea of Galilee Region: A Preliminary Overview"</a>. <i>Orient</i>. <b>50</b>: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>108. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient.50.91">10.5356/orient.50.91</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1884-1392">1884-1392</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaverkostArav2022" class="citation journal cs1">Haverkost, Ann; Arav, Rami (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/127190923">"Demons and Deities in Geshurite Bethsaida"</a>. <i>Strata: Journal of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>38. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-7867">2042-7867</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Arav3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arav3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arav3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arav3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arav3_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArav2004" class="citation book cs1">Arav, Rami, ed. (2004). <i>Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee, Vol 3</i>. Truman State University. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>39. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-931112-39-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/371435">Cultic stele, Bethsaida, Iron Age II, 9th-8th century BCE.</a> From <i>The Israel Museum</i>, Publisher: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2005</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSergiKleiman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sergi, Omer; Kleiman, Assaf (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324179630">"The Kingdom of Geshur and the Expansion of Aram-Damascus into the Northern Jordan Valley: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>379</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.379.0001">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.379.0001</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165795960">165795960</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Pakkala, Juha (2010). 'What do we know about Geshur?'. <i>Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament</i> <b>24</b> (2): 155-173.</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=G&artid=197">"Geshur, Geshurites"</a>. <i><a href="The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_sites">External sites</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/topical/g/geshurites.htm">Geshurites</a> - in the Bible -- biblehub.com</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li>

<li><a href="Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li>

<li><a href="Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li>

<li><a href="Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li>

<li><a href="Mari%2C_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li>

<li><a href="Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li>

<li><a href="Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li>

<li><a href="Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li>

<li><a href="Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li>

<li><a href="Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li>

<li><a href="Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li>

<li><a href="Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a></li>

<li><a href="Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li>

<li><a href="Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li>

<li><a href="Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li>

<li><a href="Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li>

<li><a href="Ib'al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Ḫana</a>/<a href="Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li>

<li><a href="Saggar%C3%A2tum" title="Saggarâtum">Saggarâtum</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li>

<li><a href="Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li>

<li><a href="Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li>

<li><a href="Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li>

<li><a href="Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li>

<li><a href="Hama%2C_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li>

<li><a href="Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li>

<li><a href="Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li>

<li><a href="Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li>

<li><b><a href="History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li>

<li><a href="Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li>

<li><a href="Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li>

<li><a href="Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li>

<li><a href="Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li>

<li><a href="Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Geshur&oldid=1276549750">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>